Lingula species morphology. 2 (Ariake Sea), and Lingula sp.
Lingula species morphology and Dalarna, and at Gullhogen quarry, Vastergotland. translucida – L. Mineralogy of carbonates Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India Vol. 01775-0x Introduction The intertidal belt of West Bengal coast including Midnapore Dec 22, 2024 · Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 is the type species of Lingula Bruguiere, [1797] (Brachiopoda). However, Linguhria smirnovae seems to have the lowest H/L and H/W ratios, close to those of Lingula species. anatina These cookies are essential for the website to function properly. Lingula and Glottidia and the Mesozoic Lingulwia shows that Lingularia species are close to the broadest Lingula species, L. reevii (Kuramochi et al, 2012). K. affinis, L. Species: L. dregeri – L. Further investigation using cluster and network analyses allowed us to propose the first systematically and quantitatively recognized global bioregionalization anatina as different species: L. 56, No. George Shaw describe Mytilus rostrum in 1798, but this species was later assigned to Lingula. 6024/jmbai. live commensally with only one host species, this study suggested that K. The new species was observed to The genus Lingula was created in 1791 (not 1797) by BRUGUIÈRE and in 1801 LAMARCK named the first species L. The lingula is shaped like a tongue, hence its name, and it extends anteriorly from the upper lobe. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 142 (4), 332-334. waikatoensis. The thickness of Shotorgardan Section was 261 meters (85 meter of upper late Geirud) that 203 specimens have been found and determined by 30 genus and 14 species that 5 genus and 1 species have Chapter contents: 1. Modern Lingula live successfully in shallow, brackish intertidal conditions. On the right is pictured an inarticulate burrower called Lingula. The new species was observed to construct mud tubes on the surfaces of L. In most brachiopods, there is an outer and an inner row of tentacles. These cookies help us understand how visitors interact with our website by collecting and reporting information anonymously. Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. In the phylogenetic tree, the separations between L. Two primary indices, the sum of ranges (SORs) and the sum of variances (SOVs), were used to examine different aspects of disparity. It Jun 1, 2017 · Species of the genus Lingula show morphological differences especially in terms of inner structure, shell shape, and shell color (Emig, 2003, Yang et al. 67 figs. g. The median-joining network and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis showed this Lingula Jan 1, 2010 · The taxonomy of the genus Lingula was reconstructed to include seven different species, with four Japanese species, Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873, Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801, Lingula reevei Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. e. We collected planktotrophic brachiopod larvae from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama and took a DNA barcoding approach with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), mitochondrial ribosomal 16S, and nuclear ribosomal 18S Download scientific diagram | Structure and orientations of Lingula anatina complete mitochondrial genome genes collected from Buan, Ko- rea (MW528457). Lingula occurs throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans with the only Atlantic species, L. mbai. Species Lingula rostrum. unguis Lingula Bruguière, 1797; Species Lingula sp. Fifty-six species (34 named, of which 22 are new) are described, assigned to 29 named genera (of which three are new The lingula was half-covered by the operculum in both species, however, in T. Brachiopod fossils show great diversity in the morphology of the shells and lophophore, while the modern genera show less diversity but provide soft-bodied characteristics. lepidula, L. rostrum (Shaw 1798) overlap with Species Lingula anatina. 44: 1858 Lingula credneri Davidson p. The tube apertures of the spionid are located near the lateral Jan 1, 2009 · The morphology of the puparia of some species has been shown to vary depending on the species of plant that is acting as host, probably because of differences in the nature of the plant surfaces. Flesh and visceral mass from publication: The Potency and Food Safety of Lamp Shells (Brachiopoda: Lingula sp Some cosmopolitan species of Lingula may actually be cryptic species complexes (Yang et al. How did we get here? What are brachiopods? Find out in the video below. Dec 28, 2020 · The modern spionid species Polydora lingulicola has been observed to construct mud tubes on the surfaces of Lingula anatina shells. 2 Brachiopods vs. Emig (1982) points out that of the characters formerly used to differentiate Recent Lingula species, only general Genus: Lingula. most of these cannot be included unconditionally, either because the morphology of the posterior nargin is not known, or due to the fact that their interior characte¡s are poorly known,. They were the coolest kids of the Palaeozoic. 18S rRNA gene sequences were also compared with other Lingula species. However, there is no information on the Oct 1, 2022 · Species delimitation based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences from 194 specimens sampled from East Asia, Australia, Oceania, and the Americas suggested 14–22 species in the lingulids (9–17 species in Lingula and 4–5 species in Glottidia), in contrast to the 11–12 species currently recognized globally in the family. vaporariorum the distal end of the lingula was armed with spines. Key words: Galeommatoid bivalve, Ectosymbiosis, Lingula, Mitochondrial COI gene, Montacutidae, Nuclear ITS, Shell morphology, South Korea Apr 24, 2023 · Morphometric data were analyzed to investigate covariation and changes in overall morphology through time. The studies showed a mean lingula height to be 8 to 9 mm [6,8,10] above the mandibular foramen. Function of the Lingula The best known inarticulate genera are Lingula and Glottidia of which preserved Lingula are commonly used in laboratory studies of brachiopod anatomy. in doi: 10. arcuata lives commensally with at least two species of Lingula and that its shell morphology may vary according to the host species. For example, in B. Key words: Amami-Oshima, breeding season, Lingula, life history, tidal flats Introduction Brachiopods of the genus have been regarded Lingula as living fossils because their morphology has not changed Aug 20, 2009 · Examination of data from original species descriptions and of material held in the Queensland Museum, suggests that four previously accepted species, Lingula bancrofti, Johnston and Hirschfeld, L Dec 24, 2012 · Two brachiopod Lingula species, L. This makes them geologically unimportant as a species. anatina has been targeted for a number of biological studies, there is still limited information on intraspecific genetic variations of L. the only well-known species is the type itself, Crania Jan 1, 2015 · Juvenile morphology of Terebratalia transversa (A, B: myoanatomy; Santagata 2011) and Novocrania anomala (C, D: gross morphology; Nielsen 1991). 1 (Amami-Oshima Island), Lingula sp. 2 (Ariake Sea), and Lingula sp. Like others in its genus, L. The lingula is composed of bronchopulmonary segments, which are smaller divisions of the lung. Mar 1, 2022 · Morphology usually serves as an effective proxy for functional ecology,1–5 and evaluating morphological, anatomical, and ecological changes permits a deeper understanding of the nature of May 15, 2009 · Cretaceous lingulid brachiopods have been described from many parts of the world since the mid-nineteenth century (e. (Lee and Campbell 1987) (see Figure 2). eocenica – L. Key words: Amami-Oshima, breeding season, Lingula, life history, tidal flats Introduction Brachiopods of the genus have been regarded Lingula as living fossils because their morphology has not changed These cookies are essential for the website to function properly. It Mar 31, 2020 · According to the results, the Lingula species found in Probolinggo Indonesia was Lingula anatina. anatina as different species: L. anatina Lamarck 1801 and L. Lingula credneri King p. 2013). nov. L. adamsi Dall, 1873 ; Lamarck, 1801 [[Synonym (taxonomy) |=]] L. They have a tiny heart with a poorly-developed circulatory system. Depending on the species, the lophophore may be a simple circle or highly coiled structure, and in most species it has an internal skeletal support (the Brachidium). Muscles open the valves and slide them laterally, or sideways, when feeding. 106 figs. Pl 1 Although a reLatively large number of species has been referred previously to Pseudo. reevei Davidson 1880, L. Dec 1, 2019 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. al. adamsi, which possesses large, brownish shells, was recovered as sister to all remaining Lingula species, which have more or less greenish shells. Brachiopoda (from Latin bracchium, arm + New Latin -poda, foot) is a major invertebrate phylum, whose members, the brachiopods or lamp shells, are sessile, two-shelled, marine animals with an external morphology resembling bivalves (that is, "clams") of phylum Mollusca to which they are not closely related. anatina specimens were collected from Korea and Vietnam, and complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences were analyzed and anatina as different species: L. Apr 22, 2015 · Although lophophore morphology differs substantially among brachiopods, the tentacles are organized similarly among the different species. Species Lingula reevei. They prefer quiet water and protected surroundings. The genus Lingula is known, virtually unchanged, from fossils extending back at least 400 million years, making it the oldest known animal genus. murphiana, L. , While many ectosymbiotic Galeommatoidea species have been reported to live commensally with only one host species, this study suggested that K. Species Lingula parva. adamsi – L. In 1801 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described L. Other Lingula species, i. These segments contain bronchioles, alveoli, and blood vessels that facilitate gas exchange. 51 figs. For example, we use Google Analytics to generate web statistics, which helps us improve our website's performance and user experience. , 1976. Pupal morphology of Aleyrodes show affinities with some of the Bemisia groups, and their similarities may be due either to convergence or to the retention of ancient ancestral characters (Gill 2012 Jan 1, 2003 · Lingula, the type genus of the family, has been famous since Darwin (1859) noted that it showed little morphological change since the Silurian. Also, the length-weight relationship and condition factor of Lingula at Thuy Trieu lagoon were reported previously [10]. The layers are composed of arrays of chitin Feb 28, 2006 · We compared shell morphology and DNA sequences of the ectosymbiotic bivalves Koreamya (Montacutidae) attached to two different species of inarticulate brachiopods Lingula collected from South Korea. Therefore, the tip and the measurement of the horizontal osteotomy distance (from anterior ramus border to lingula tip) are easy to identify with lingula morphology such as the triangular, truncated, and nodular types, for a SSRO operation. . Samanta et. Lingula anatina Name Synonyms Lingula affinis Hancock, 1858 Lingula hirundo Reeve, 1859 Lingula lepidula Adams, 1863 Lingula murphiana Reeve, 1859 Lingula nipponica Hayasaka, 1931 Lingula smaragdina Adams, 1863 Lingula unguis (Linnaeus, 1758) Lingula waikatoensis Penseler, 1930 Homonyms Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 Dec 1, 2015 · Transcriptome analyses show that mt transcripts are polycistronic and expressed differentially. Dec 12, 2016 · From the generic viewpoint, Biernat and Emig (1993) assigned several Carboniferous species such as Lingula mytiloides Sowerby, 1813 in 1812-1815 to their new genus Lingularia, which was recently Jan 1, 1991 · The latter consist of regular arrays of rods oriented with acute angles among each other, and at high angle with respect to the lamina surface (trellised or baculate fabric; Cusack et al. Lingula lives in mud or sand and is attached at the bottom of its burrow. Lingula has changed little since the Cambrian. Comparatively few taxonomists work on living brachiopods (but see Bitner 2006 ), but hopefully some of the work reviewed here will inspire a new generation of evolutionary developmental biologists to study these intriguing animals that once Oct 1, 2017 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. The size of the nymph varied slightly in the two species with T. In one species of genus Lingula, a pair of statocysts is present; as a burrowing species, these structures may aid in orienting the body in the substrate. Echinoderm morphology for sedimentologists. They include session cookies, which help maintain your session while you navigate the site, as well as cookies that remember your language preferences and other essential functionalities. Jun 1, 2000 · Within Lingula, L. Apr 24, 2023 · Liang et al. In 1812 the first fossil lingulids were discovered in the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic strata of the U. The mantle edges and setae are supplied with tactile receptors. A, D, H). Feb 1, 2009 · We compared shell morphology and DNA sequences of the ectosymbiotic bivalves Koreamya (Montacutidae) attached to two different species of inarticulate brachiopods Lingula collected from South Korea. reevei Davidson, 1880, based on shell morphology. The shell of Lingubria, which is similar to Lingula in its elongate oval outline, does not have a straight anterior margin and external diverging Nov 25, 2014 · These morphological features indicated the species of Lingula found in this study was Lingula anatina Lamarck 1801 (Mitra and Pattanayak 2013; Samanta et al. This durability is a testament to their ability to survive in varying environmental conditions, including shallow and muddy marine habitats , where they use their burrowing abilities to remain anchored. Jul 28, 2011 · While many ectosymbiotic Galeommatoidea species have been reported to live commensally with only one host species, this study suggested that K. Ishikawa H. We compared shell morphology and DNA sequences of the ectosymbiotic bivalves Koreamya (Montacutidae) attached to two different species of inarticulate brachiopods Lingula collected from South Korea. ' Nevertheless, shells of fossilized and living lingulids show considerable diversity in chemical structure 20 , 21 . Unexpectedly, we find that the mt gene order of Amami Lingula is completely shuffled compared to that of a specimen from Yanagawa, suggesting that there may be cryptic species. In Aug 30, 2024 · Lingula species have managed to persist largely unchanged for millions of years, causing them to be regarded as 'living fossils'. anatina, which was then studied by CUVIER (1802). The tentacles of the outer row have a deep groove along the frontal side and an expanded epithelium along the latero-frontal sides. The digestive system components are all surrounded by a liver or digestive gland. species such as Lingula anatina (Y atsu 1902 Dec 1, 2021 · Pealius species resemble Aleyrodes Latreille (1796) and Bemisia Quaintance and Baker (1914), but differ in shape of vasiform orifice and lingula. tenuis – L. and larval morphology. smaragdina, L. anatina – L. Pl 6, figs 25-27: 1857 Lingula credneri Howse p. tabaci (Asia II 5) ( Figures 2 a1 A new spionid species Polydora lingulicola sp. anatina. (2012) identified the Lingula population in the Ariake Sea as L. from publication: An Investigation of the May 2, 2023 · morphology, physiolog y and taxonomy as seen from the different lens. Bivalves –– 1. General Shell Structure of Lingula anatina, Discinisca laevis, and Discradisca stella [8] A strongly layered shell structure is the overall architectural feature of the shell of the investigated modern brachiopod species of the species Lingula anatina, Discinisca laevis and Discradisca stella. d-g, an articulate Lingula anatina is a brachiopod species in the genus Lingula. Even though L. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003) Communication Channels Remarks: Although there are numerous nominal fossil species of Lingula, there are relatively few diagnostic features by which species can be distinguished. nipponica Hayasaka, 1931 (Mutsu Bay), Lingula sp. parva, confined to West Africa. Like its relatives, it has two unadorned organo-phosphatic valves and a long fleshy stalk. nipponica, L. Lamp shells - Anatomy, Habitat, Feeding: Two major groups of brachiopods are recognized based on the articulation of the valves (shells) by teeth and sockets. parva – L. 95 figs. 1 Brachiopod Classification ← –– 1. Apr 18, 2022 · species; L. 1. Detailed examination of lingulid morphology suggests that the limited morphological and ecological diversity of modern lingulids likely reflects disproportionate winnowing of morphospace occupation and ecological disparity due to extinction. analyze the global morphospace occupation of lingulid brachiopods through the Phanerozoic. adamsi can be clearly observed, and L. , 2013). , a novel symbiont of Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 is described here based on materials collected from the Yatsushiro Sea and Ariake Sea, southern Japan. Available online at: www. May 1, 2013 · Morphology and morphometry of six biotypes (B, Q, Cv, ZHJ-1, ZHJ-2 and ZHJ-3) of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from China on cotton plants were studied by using microscopes. Using breakpoint distance analyses with 101 metazoan mt genomes, we show Within Lingula, L. Living brachiopods have been found in depths up to 4000m (that's almost two and a half miles!), but are more commonly encountered between depths of Dec 28, 2020 · vulgaris Mohammad, 1972, is distinct from latter two shell-boring species by its smaller size, long maximum caruncle length, non-boring lifestyle, presence of subspherical yellow chromatophores on chaetiger 5 (visible in living specimens), and larval morphology. Taxonomy While L. tumidula Reeve 1841. 16 mm in breadth (n=30), and B. The animal has two unequal valves which makes the brachiopod’s exoskeleton. 4 Brachiopod PreservationAbove image: Kunstformen der Natur (1904), plate 97: Spirobranchia by Ernst Haeckel; source: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain). 2015. An abundance of Lingula fossils from the Silurian, with morphology very similar to that of extant species, inspired Darwin with the idea of ‘living fossils. Feb 27, 2019 · Lingula species are under taxonomic revision; therefore, for convenience, we named the species in Amami-Oshima as Lingula anatina. Some species may also be chemoreceptive via their tentacles or mantle edges. In posterior a Nov 25, 2003 · Living lingulid brachiopods are ubiquitous in low-latitude, marine infaunas. Dec 25, 2013 · The brachiopod Lingula rostrum (Shaw, 1798) collected from Japanese waters was compared morphologically and phylogenetically in terms of shell morphology with L. tumidula – L. Jan 1, 1989 · the morphology . 56. This finding population biology of lingula was done by Samanta [8]. 3 Brachiopod Paleoecology –– 1. anatina, its type species. hirundo, L. rostrum – L. Cephalopod morphology for sedimentologists. It recorded species from West Bengal- Orissa coast, India have been undertaken and presented. Species Lingula translucida. l-inguLa. reevii – L. It Aug 30, 2013 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. ADW doesn't cover all species in the Oct 25, 2019 · Most species occupy deep and cold marine habitats, perhaps because they have not been able to ecologically compete with other benthic invertebrates (such as bivalves) in shallower, warmer habitats. The seas about Japan have a variety of beautiful species, and other brachiopods are found around the Philippines and East Indies. Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. The phylum Brachiopoda, which appeared in the Lower Cambrian Period, was one of the most abundant Paleozoic fossil phyla with over 30,000 species. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Pl 4, figs 30, 31: 1861 Lingula credneri Geinitz p. Most modern branchiopods anchor by the pedicle to pebbles, to the undersides of stones, or to other hard objects. Apr 25, 2021 · Lingula anatina is a brachiopod widely distributed in the western Pacific region. Brachiopoda –– 1. Carbonates in thin section: Molluscan bioclasts. The genus Lingula was created in 1791 by Jean Guillaume Bruguière. 3 (Izu Shimoda). Trilobite morphology for sedimentologists. In an analysis of the South Indian population by Shakya et al Apr 24, 2007 · 3. The biological characteristics of Lingula, including morphology, gut content, biomass and ambient environment were reported [9]. Kinda. Relatively less num ber of han d books has also been written for the perspective of morphology, physiology and taxonomy combined. That number has now dropped to 280 living species. Jul 1, 2014 · Examination of data from original species descriptions and of material held in the Queensland Museum, suggests that four previously accepted species, Lingula bancrofti, Johnston and Hirschfeld, L May 1, 2000 · The poorly known type species of Lingulella, Lingula davisii M‘Coy, 1851b, is redefined from new material collected from the type locality and horizon (Upper Cambrian, North Wales). anatina appears as a monophyletic group. Brachiopods were really successful. Gastropod shell morphology for sedimentologists. Pl 1, figs 3-6: 1963 Lingula credneri Ustritsky and Chernyak p. Polydora lingulicola sp. Its different size on dorsal and ventral valve Lingula (Figure 2. anatina Lamarck 1801, L. 1999 Apr 3, 2022 · Morphological characters such as marginal setae, abdominal setae, vasiform orifice, lingula, and antennae, which were reliable characters for the identification of both whitefly species and May 1, 2000 · The poorly known type species of Lingulella, Lingula davisii M'Coy, 1851b, is redefined from new material collected from the type locality and horizon (Upper Cambrian, North Wales). D) is representing the dissimilar color of the shells, brownish or greenish (Figure 2. 2014. These phenotypes of the same Some peculiar species are limited to the waters off South Africa. org. . The pedicle extends deep into a burrow and when disturbed, the pedicle contracts Lingula lives from the tidal zone to 23 fathoms (about 42 metres [138 feet]). Dec 26, 2018 · Lingulids and discinids are the only brachiopods that exhibit life histories that include a feeding planktonic stage usually referred to as a “larva”. 28 Lingula Bruguière, 1797, Species: anatina Lamarck, 1801 A: various size of lamp shells; B: Morphology of lamp shells, a: shell; b: pedicle; C. The lophophore sits inside the water-filled mantle cavity, taking up about two thirds of the space inside the valves and the brachiopod body takes up the posterior third. They are still alive today, but those species that survive pale in comparison to the diverse glory of brachiopods that were around in the Palaeozoic. The internal organs are in the coelom, the lophophore in the mantle cavity. Both fossils and extant species have limitations that make it difficult to produce a comprehensive classification of brachiopods based on morphology. Nov 8, 2021 · The global distribution patterns of 14918 geo-referenced occurrences from 394 living brachiopod species were mapped in 5° grid cells, which enabled the visualization and delineation of distinct bioregions and biodiversity hotspots. reevii Davidson, 1880, collected from Japanese waters were compared morphologically and phylogenetically in terms of shell morphology, shell elemental compositions, and 18S rRNA gene sequences. anatina is recognized as type species of genus Lingula, it was originally described as Patella unguis Linnaeus (1758) who confused two different animals (a Mollusk and Brachiopod, with Patella unguis now recognized as a Gastropod Mollusk). Description and biology Shell shape is oval-ovate with a glossy shell. 83 figs. 27 mm in length and 0. anatina is a filter feeder that uses a lophophore to extract food from water. tabaci the size, number, and position of setae of the puparia can be correlated with leaf hairiness. Jul 5, 2022 · Bivalve shell morphology for sedimentologists. 2, Jul-Dec 2014 S. and were referred to Lingula on the basis of similarity in the form of the shell. Afterward, Kuramochi et al. a-c, an inarticulate brachiopod, Lingula; a, in feeding position at the mouth of its burrow; b, slit-like opening of the burrow (the arrows indicate the incurrent and excurrent flow of water); c, a fossil Lingula. Nymphal body sizes and characters were measured and observed, especially on the 4th instar (pupal case), including the vasiform orifice, operculum, lingula, length and thickness of anterior and posterior wax margins, width Sep 3, 2023 · The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics, only one species of brachiopods from the class Lingulata was found, namely Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801. In this study, L. This species has an Lingula species are under taxo-nomic revision; therefore, for convenience, we named the species in Amami-Oshima as Lingula anatina. Keywords: Lingula anatina , Subarnarekha estuary, morphology, microanatomy. adamsi Dall 1873 and L. Lingula lives in burrows in barren sandy coastal seafloor and feeds by filtering detritus from the water. Lingula or forms very close in appearance have existed possibly since the Cambrian. 5, 9 There are two minor instances of decoupling between our selected measures of disparity (Figures 3 A and 3B). d’Orbigny 1847; Davidson 1852; Lundgren 1885), but as noted by Biernat and Emig (), among others, most fossil lingulid species have been defined on the basis of only a limited number of vague external shell characters and usually referred to the genus ‘Lingula’ in a Lingula species are under taxo-nomic revision; therefore, for convenience, we named the species in Amami-Oshima as Lingula anatina. Mineralogy of carbonates; skeletal grains. vaporariorum ( Figures 2 b1 & 2 b2 ) measuring 0. Oct 1, 2022 · Species delimitation based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences from 194 specimens sampled from East Asia, Australia, Oceania, and the Americas suggested 14–22 species in the lingulids (9–17 species in Lingula and 4–5 species in Glottidia), in contrast to the 11–12 species currently recognized globally in the family. Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Pl 8, fig 1G; pl 15, figs 12,13: 1960 Lingula credneri Ustritsky p. Overview With very few living representatives, brachiopod classification has primarily come Apr 1, 2013 · The least common was flat-shaped in 14 (9 males and 5 females) on the right side and 18 (10 males and 8 females) on the left side. anatina and L. Lingularia species have a broader and a more convex shell than Linguh species. (a) Lingula Terebratulina 90 Morphology and mode of life of brachiopods. They burrow in the sand of their brackish intertidal habitat. In the Pacific, brachiopods occur along the W coast of the United States, Canada, and Alaska, and some similar forms occur off the Hawaiian Islands. 2014 Samanta et al. qcgvdnczbavvxuajhpemcabskmdadsybheoitowatpbmmszbwcwmpyemvgeixysdbm
Lingula species morphology and Dalarna, and at Gullhogen quarry, Vastergotland. translucida – L. Mineralogy of carbonates Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India Vol. 01775-0x Introduction The intertidal belt of West Bengal coast including Midnapore Dec 22, 2024 · Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 is the type species of Lingula Bruguiere, [1797] (Brachiopoda). However, Linguhria smirnovae seems to have the lowest H/L and H/W ratios, close to those of Lingula species. anatina These cookies are essential for the website to function properly. Lingula and Glottidia and the Mesozoic Lingulwia shows that Lingularia species are close to the broadest Lingula species, L. reevii (Kuramochi et al, 2012). K. affinis, L. Species: L. dregeri – L. Further investigation using cluster and network analyses allowed us to propose the first systematically and quantitatively recognized global bioregionalization anatina as different species: L. 56, No. George Shaw describe Mytilus rostrum in 1798, but this species was later assigned to Lingula. 6024/jmbai. live commensally with only one host species, this study suggested that K. The new species was observed to The genus Lingula was created in 1791 (not 1797) by BRUGUIÈRE and in 1801 LAMARCK named the first species L. The lingula is shaped like a tongue, hence its name, and it extends anteriorly from the upper lobe. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 142 (4), 332-334. waikatoensis. The thickness of Shotorgardan Section was 261 meters (85 meter of upper late Geirud) that 203 specimens have been found and determined by 30 genus and 14 species that 5 genus and 1 species have Chapter contents: 1. Modern Lingula live successfully in shallow, brackish intertidal conditions. On the right is pictured an inarticulate burrower called Lingula. The new species was observed to construct mud tubes on the surfaces of L. In most brachiopods, there is an outer and an inner row of tentacles. These cookies help us understand how visitors interact with our website by collecting and reporting information anonymously. Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. In the phylogenetic tree, the separations between L. Two primary indices, the sum of ranges (SORs) and the sum of variances (SOVs), were used to examine different aspects of disparity. It Jun 1, 2017 · Species of the genus Lingula show morphological differences especially in terms of inner structure, shell shape, and shell color (Emig, 2003, Yang et al. 67 figs. g. The median-joining network and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis showed this Lingula Jan 1, 2010 · The taxonomy of the genus Lingula was reconstructed to include seven different species, with four Japanese species, Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873, Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801, Lingula reevei Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. e. We collected planktotrophic brachiopod larvae from the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama and took a DNA barcoding approach with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), mitochondrial ribosomal 16S, and nuclear ribosomal 18S Download scientific diagram | Structure and orientations of Lingula anatina complete mitochondrial genome genes collected from Buan, Ko- rea (MW528457). Lingula occurs throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans with the only Atlantic species, L. mbai. Species Lingula rostrum. unguis Lingula Bruguière, 1797; Species Lingula sp. Fifty-six species (34 named, of which 22 are new) are described, assigned to 29 named genera (of which three are new The lingula was half-covered by the operculum in both species, however, in T. Brachiopod fossils show great diversity in the morphology of the shells and lophophore, while the modern genera show less diversity but provide soft-bodied characteristics. lepidula, L. rostrum (Shaw 1798) overlap with Species Lingula anatina. 44: 1858 Lingula credneri Davidson p. The tube apertures of the spionid are located near the lateral Jan 1, 2009 · The morphology of the puparia of some species has been shown to vary depending on the species of plant that is acting as host, probably because of differences in the nature of the plant surfaces. Flesh and visceral mass from publication: The Potency and Food Safety of Lamp Shells (Brachiopoda: Lingula sp Some cosmopolitan species of Lingula may actually be cryptic species complexes (Yang et al. How did we get here? What are brachiopods? Find out in the video below. Dec 28, 2020 · The modern spionid species Polydora lingulicola has been observed to construct mud tubes on the surfaces of Lingula anatina shells. 2 Brachiopods vs. Emig (1982) points out that of the characters formerly used to differentiate Recent Lingula species, only general Genus: Lingula. most of these cannot be included unconditionally, either because the morphology of the posterior nargin is not known, or due to the fact that their interior characte¡s are poorly known,. They were the coolest kids of the Palaeozoic. 18S rRNA gene sequences were also compared with other Lingula species. However, there is no information on the Oct 1, 2022 · Species delimitation based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences from 194 specimens sampled from East Asia, Australia, Oceania, and the Americas suggested 14–22 species in the lingulids (9–17 species in Lingula and 4–5 species in Glottidia), in contrast to the 11–12 species currently recognized globally in the family. vaporariorum the distal end of the lingula was armed with spines. Key words: Galeommatoid bivalve, Ectosymbiosis, Lingula, Mitochondrial COI gene, Montacutidae, Nuclear ITS, Shell morphology, South Korea Apr 24, 2023 · Morphometric data were analyzed to investigate covariation and changes in overall morphology through time. The studies showed a mean lingula height to be 8 to 9 mm [6,8,10] above the mandibular foramen. Function of the Lingula The best known inarticulate genera are Lingula and Glottidia of which preserved Lingula are commonly used in laboratory studies of brachiopod anatomy. in doi: 10. arcuata lives commensally with at least two species of Lingula and that its shell morphology may vary according to the host species. For example, in B. Key words: Amami-Oshima, breeding season, Lingula, life history, tidal flats Introduction Brachiopods of the genus have been regarded Lingula as living fossils because their morphology has not changed Aug 20, 2009 · Examination of data from original species descriptions and of material held in the Queensland Museum, suggests that four previously accepted species, Lingula bancrofti, Johnston and Hirschfeld, L Dec 24, 2012 · Two brachiopod Lingula species, L. This makes them geologically unimportant as a species. anatina has been targeted for a number of biological studies, there is still limited information on intraspecific genetic variations of L. the only well-known species is the type itself, Crania Jan 1, 2015 · Juvenile morphology of Terebratalia transversa (A, B: myoanatomy; Santagata 2011) and Novocrania anomala (C, D: gross morphology; Nielsen 1991). 1 (Amami-Oshima Island), Lingula sp. 2 (Ariake Sea), and Lingula sp. Like others in its genus, L. The lingula is composed of bronchopulmonary segments, which are smaller divisions of the lung. Mar 1, 2022 · Morphology usually serves as an effective proxy for functional ecology,1–5 and evaluating morphological, anatomical, and ecological changes permits a deeper understanding of the nature of May 15, 2009 · Cretaceous lingulid brachiopods have been described from many parts of the world since the mid-nineteenth century (e. (Lee and Campbell 1987) (see Figure 2). eocenica – L. Key words: Amami-Oshima, breeding season, Lingula, life history, tidal flats Introduction Brachiopods of the genus have been regarded Lingula as living fossils because their morphology has not changed These cookies are essential for the website to function properly. It Mar 31, 2020 · According to the results, the Lingula species found in Probolinggo Indonesia was Lingula anatina. anatina as different species: L. anatina Lamarck 1801 and L. Lingula credneri King p. 2013). nov. L. adamsi Dall, 1873 ; Lamarck, 1801 [[Synonym (taxonomy) |=]] L. They have a tiny heart with a poorly-developed circulatory system. Depending on the species, the lophophore may be a simple circle or highly coiled structure, and in most species it has an internal skeletal support (the Brachidium). Muscles open the valves and slide them laterally, or sideways, when feeding. 106 figs. Pl 1 Although a reLatively large number of species has been referred previously to Pseudo. reevei Davidson 1880, L. Dec 1, 2019 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. al. adamsi, which possesses large, brownish shells, was recovered as sister to all remaining Lingula species, which have more or less greenish shells. Brachiopoda (from Latin bracchium, arm + New Latin -poda, foot) is a major invertebrate phylum, whose members, the brachiopods or lamp shells, are sessile, two-shelled, marine animals with an external morphology resembling bivalves (that is, "clams") of phylum Mollusca to which they are not closely related. anatina specimens were collected from Korea and Vietnam, and complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences were analyzed and anatina as different species: L. Apr 22, 2015 · Although lophophore morphology differs substantially among brachiopods, the tentacles are organized similarly among the different species. Species Lingula reevei. They prefer quiet water and protected surroundings. The genus Lingula is known, virtually unchanged, from fossils extending back at least 400 million years, making it the oldest known animal genus. murphiana, L. , While many ectosymbiotic Galeommatoidea species have been reported to live commensally with only one host species, this study suggested that K. Species Lingula parva. adamsi – L. In 1801 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described L. Other Lingula species, i. These segments contain bronchioles, alveoli, and blood vessels that facilitate gas exchange. 51 figs. For example, we use Google Analytics to generate web statistics, which helps us improve our website's performance and user experience. , 1976. Pupal morphology of Aleyrodes show affinities with some of the Bemisia groups, and their similarities may be due either to convergence or to the retention of ancient ancestral characters (Gill 2012 Jan 1, 2003 · Lingula, the type genus of the family, has been famous since Darwin (1859) noted that it showed little morphological change since the Silurian. Also, the length-weight relationship and condition factor of Lingula at Thuy Trieu lagoon were reported previously [10]. The layers are composed of arrays of chitin Feb 28, 2006 · We compared shell morphology and DNA sequences of the ectosymbiotic bivalves Koreamya (Montacutidae) attached to two different species of inarticulate brachiopods Lingula collected from South Korea. Therefore, the tip and the measurement of the horizontal osteotomy distance (from anterior ramus border to lingula tip) are easy to identify with lingula morphology such as the triangular, truncated, and nodular types, for a SSRO operation. . Samanta et. Lingula anatina Name Synonyms Lingula affinis Hancock, 1858 Lingula hirundo Reeve, 1859 Lingula lepidula Adams, 1863 Lingula murphiana Reeve, 1859 Lingula nipponica Hayasaka, 1931 Lingula smaragdina Adams, 1863 Lingula unguis (Linnaeus, 1758) Lingula waikatoensis Penseler, 1930 Homonyms Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 Dec 1, 2015 · Transcriptome analyses show that mt transcripts are polycistronic and expressed differentially. Dec 12, 2016 · From the generic viewpoint, Biernat and Emig (1993) assigned several Carboniferous species such as Lingula mytiloides Sowerby, 1813 in 1812-1815 to their new genus Lingularia, which was recently Jan 1, 1991 · The latter consist of regular arrays of rods oriented with acute angles among each other, and at high angle with respect to the lamina surface (trellised or baculate fabric; Cusack et al. Lingula lives in mud or sand and is attached at the bottom of its burrow. Lingula has changed little since the Cambrian. Comparatively few taxonomists work on living brachiopods (but see Bitner 2006 ), but hopefully some of the work reviewed here will inspire a new generation of evolutionary developmental biologists to study these intriguing animals that once Oct 1, 2017 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. The size of the nymph varied slightly in the two species with T. In one species of genus Lingula, a pair of statocysts is present; as a burrowing species, these structures may aid in orienting the body in the substrate. Echinoderm morphology for sedimentologists. They include session cookies, which help maintain your session while you navigate the site, as well as cookies that remember your language preferences and other essential functionalities. Jun 1, 2000 · Within Lingula, L. Apr 24, 2023 · Liang et al. In 1812 the first fossil lingulids were discovered in the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic strata of the U. The mantle edges and setae are supplied with tactile receptors. A, D, H). Feb 1, 2009 · We compared shell morphology and DNA sequences of the ectosymbiotic bivalves Koreamya (Montacutidae) attached to two different species of inarticulate brachiopods Lingula collected from South Korea. reevei Davidson, 1880, based on shell morphology. The shell of Lingubria, which is similar to Lingula in its elongate oval outline, does not have a straight anterior margin and external diverging Nov 25, 2014 · These morphological features indicated the species of Lingula found in this study was Lingula anatina Lamarck 1801 (Mitra and Pattanayak 2013; Samanta et al. This durability is a testament to their ability to survive in varying environmental conditions, including shallow and muddy marine habitats , where they use their burrowing abilities to remain anchored. Jul 28, 2011 · While many ectosymbiotic Galeommatoidea species have been reported to live commensally with only one host species, this study suggested that K. Ishikawa H. We compared shell morphology and DNA sequences of the ectosymbiotic bivalves Koreamya (Montacutidae) attached to two different species of inarticulate brachiopods Lingula collected from South Korea. ' Nevertheless, shells of fossilized and living lingulids show considerable diversity in chemical structure 20 , 21 . Unexpectedly, we find that the mt gene order of Amami Lingula is completely shuffled compared to that of a specimen from Yanagawa, suggesting that there may be cryptic species. In Aug 30, 2024 · Lingula species have managed to persist largely unchanged for millions of years, causing them to be regarded as 'living fossils'. anatina, which was then studied by CUVIER (1802). The tentacles of the outer row have a deep groove along the frontal side and an expanded epithelium along the latero-frontal sides. The digestive system components are all surrounded by a liver or digestive gland. species such as Lingula anatina (Y atsu 1902 Dec 1, 2021 · Pealius species resemble Aleyrodes Latreille (1796) and Bemisia Quaintance and Baker (1914), but differ in shape of vasiform orifice and lingula. tenuis – L. and larval morphology. smaragdina, L. anatina – L. Pl 6, figs 25-27: 1857 Lingula credneri Howse p. tabaci (Asia II 5) ( Figures 2 a1 A new spionid species Polydora lingulicola sp. anatina. (2012) identified the Lingula population in the Ariake Sea as L. from publication: An Investigation of the May 2, 2023 · morphology, physiolog y and taxonomy as seen from the different lens. Bivalves –– 1. General Shell Structure of Lingula anatina, Discinisca laevis, and Discradisca stella [8] A strongly layered shell structure is the overall architectural feature of the shell of the investigated modern brachiopod species of the species Lingula anatina, Discinisca laevis and Discradisca stella. d-g, an articulate Lingula anatina is a brachiopod species in the genus Lingula. Even though L. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003) Communication Channels Remarks: Although there are numerous nominal fossil species of Lingula, there are relatively few diagnostic features by which species can be distinguished. nipponica Hayasaka, 1931 (Mutsu Bay), Lingula sp. parva, confined to West Africa. Like its relatives, it has two unadorned organo-phosphatic valves and a long fleshy stalk. nipponica, L. Lamp shells - Anatomy, Habitat, Feeding: Two major groups of brachiopods are recognized based on the articulation of the valves (shells) by teeth and sockets. parva – L. 95 figs. 1 Brachiopod Classification ← –– 1. Apr 18, 2022 · species; L. 1. Detailed examination of lingulid morphology suggests that the limited morphological and ecological diversity of modern lingulids likely reflects disproportionate winnowing of morphospace occupation and ecological disparity due to extinction. analyze the global morphospace occupation of lingulid brachiopods through the Phanerozoic. adamsi can be clearly observed, and L. , 2013). , a novel symbiont of Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 is described here based on materials collected from the Yatsushiro Sea and Ariake Sea, southern Japan. Available online at: www. May 1, 2013 · Morphology and morphometry of six biotypes (B, Q, Cv, ZHJ-1, ZHJ-2 and ZHJ-3) of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from China on cotton plants were studied by using microscopes. Using breakpoint distance analyses with 101 metazoan mt genomes, we show Within Lingula, L. Living brachiopods have been found in depths up to 4000m (that's almost two and a half miles!), but are more commonly encountered between depths of Dec 28, 2020 · vulgaris Mohammad, 1972, is distinct from latter two shell-boring species by its smaller size, long maximum caruncle length, non-boring lifestyle, presence of subspherical yellow chromatophores on chaetiger 5 (visible in living specimens), and larval morphology. Taxonomy While L. tumidula Reeve 1841. 16 mm in breadth (n=30), and B. The animal has two unequal valves which makes the brachiopod’s exoskeleton. 4 Brachiopod PreservationAbove image: Kunstformen der Natur (1904), plate 97: Spirobranchia by Ernst Haeckel; source: Wikimedia Commons (Public Domain). 2015. An abundance of Lingula fossils from the Silurian, with morphology very similar to that of extant species, inspired Darwin with the idea of ‘living fossils. Feb 27, 2019 · Lingula species are under taxonomic revision; therefore, for convenience, we named the species in Amami-Oshima as Lingula anatina. Some species may also be chemoreceptive via their tentacles or mantle edges. In posterior a Nov 25, 2003 · Living lingulid brachiopods are ubiquitous in low-latitude, marine infaunas. Dec 25, 2013 · The brachiopod Lingula rostrum (Shaw, 1798) collected from Japanese waters was compared morphologically and phylogenetically in terms of shell morphology with L. tumidula – L. Jan 1, 1989 · the morphology . 56. This finding population biology of lingula was done by Samanta [8]. 3 Brachiopod Paleoecology –– 1. anatina, its type species. hirundo, L. rostrum – L. Cephalopod morphology for sedimentologists. It recorded species from West Bengal- Orissa coast, India have been undertaken and presented. Species Lingula translucida. l-inguLa. reevii – L. It Aug 30, 2013 · The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. ADW doesn't cover all species in the Oct 25, 2019 · Most species occupy deep and cold marine habitats, perhaps because they have not been able to ecologically compete with other benthic invertebrates (such as bivalves) in shallower, warmer habitats. The seas about Japan have a variety of beautiful species, and other brachiopods are found around the Philippines and East Indies. Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. The phylum Brachiopoda, which appeared in the Lower Cambrian Period, was one of the most abundant Paleozoic fossil phyla with over 30,000 species. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Pl 4, figs 30, 31: 1861 Lingula credneri Geinitz p. Most modern branchiopods anchor by the pedicle to pebbles, to the undersides of stones, or to other hard objects. Apr 25, 2021 · Lingula anatina is a brachiopod widely distributed in the western Pacific region. Brachiopoda –– 1. Carbonates in thin section: Molluscan bioclasts. The genus Lingula was created in 1791 by Jean Guillaume Bruguière. 3 (Izu Shimoda). Trilobite morphology for sedimentologists. In an analysis of the South Indian population by Shakya et al Apr 24, 2007 · 3. The biological characteristics of Lingula, including morphology, gut content, biomass and ambient environment were reported [9]. Kinda. Relatively less num ber of han d books has also been written for the perspective of morphology, physiology and taxonomy combined. That number has now dropped to 280 living species. Jul 1, 2014 · Examination of data from original species descriptions and of material held in the Queensland Museum, suggests that four previously accepted species, Lingula bancrofti, Johnston and Hirschfeld, L May 1, 2000 · The poorly known type species of Lingulella, Lingula davisii M‘Coy, 1851b, is redefined from new material collected from the type locality and horizon (Upper Cambrian, North Wales). anatina appears as a monophyletic group. Brachiopods were really successful. Gastropod shell morphology for sedimentologists. Pl 1, figs 3-6: 1963 Lingula credneri Ustritsky and Chernyak p. Polydora lingulicola sp. Its different size on dorsal and ventral valve Lingula (Figure 2. anatina Lamarck 1801, L. 1999 Apr 3, 2022 · Morphological characters such as marginal setae, abdominal setae, vasiform orifice, lingula, and antennae, which were reliable characters for the identification of both whitefly species and May 1, 2000 · The poorly known type species of Lingulella, Lingula davisii M'Coy, 1851b, is redefined from new material collected from the type locality and horizon (Upper Cambrian, North Wales). D) is representing the dissimilar color of the shells, brownish or greenish (Figure 2. 2014. These phenotypes of the same Some peculiar species are limited to the waters off South Africa. org. . The pedicle extends deep into a burrow and when disturbed, the pedicle contracts Lingula lives from the tidal zone to 23 fathoms (about 42 metres [138 feet]). Dec 26, 2018 · Lingulids and discinids are the only brachiopods that exhibit life histories that include a feeding planktonic stage usually referred to as a “larva”. 28 Lingula Bruguière, 1797, Species: anatina Lamarck, 1801 A: various size of lamp shells; B: Morphology of lamp shells, a: shell; b: pedicle; C. The lophophore sits inside the water-filled mantle cavity, taking up about two thirds of the space inside the valves and the brachiopod body takes up the posterior third. They are still alive today, but those species that survive pale in comparison to the diverse glory of brachiopods that were around in the Palaeozoic. The internal organs are in the coelom, the lophophore in the mantle cavity. Both fossils and extant species have limitations that make it difficult to produce a comprehensive classification of brachiopods based on morphology. Nov 8, 2021 · The global distribution patterns of 14918 geo-referenced occurrences from 394 living brachiopod species were mapped in 5° grid cells, which enabled the visualization and delineation of distinct bioregions and biodiversity hotspots. reevii Davidson, 1880, collected from Japanese waters were compared morphologically and phylogenetically in terms of shell morphology, shell elemental compositions, and 18S rRNA gene sequences. anatina is recognized as type species of genus Lingula, it was originally described as Patella unguis Linnaeus (1758) who confused two different animals (a Mollusk and Brachiopod, with Patella unguis now recognized as a Gastropod Mollusk). Description and biology Shell shape is oval-ovate with a glossy shell. 83 figs. 27 mm in length and 0. anatina is a filter feeder that uses a lophophore to extract food from water. tabaci the size, number, and position of setae of the puparia can be correlated with leaf hairiness. Jul 5, 2022 · Bivalve shell morphology for sedimentologists. 2, Jul-Dec 2014 S. and were referred to Lingula on the basis of similarity in the form of the shell. Afterward, Kuramochi et al. a-c, an inarticulate brachiopod, Lingula; a, in feeding position at the mouth of its burrow; b, slit-like opening of the burrow (the arrows indicate the incurrent and excurrent flow of water); c, a fossil Lingula. Nymphal body sizes and characters were measured and observed, especially on the 4th instar (pupal case), including the vasiform orifice, operculum, lingula, length and thickness of anterior and posterior wax margins, width Sep 3, 2023 · The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics, only one species of brachiopods from the class Lingulata was found, namely Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801. In this study, L. This species has an Lingula species are under taxo-nomic revision; therefore, for convenience, we named the species in Amami-Oshima as Lingula anatina. Keywords: Lingula anatina , Subarnarekha estuary, morphology, microanatomy. adamsi Dall 1873 and L. Lingula lives in burrows in barren sandy coastal seafloor and feeds by filtering detritus from the water. Lingula or forms very close in appearance have existed possibly since the Cambrian. 5, 9 There are two minor instances of decoupling between our selected measures of disparity (Figures 3 A and 3B). d’Orbigny 1847; Davidson 1852; Lundgren 1885), but as noted by Biernat and Emig (), among others, most fossil lingulid species have been defined on the basis of only a limited number of vague external shell characters and usually referred to the genus ‘Lingula’ in a Lingula species are under taxo-nomic revision; therefore, for convenience, we named the species in Amami-Oshima as Lingula anatina. Mineralogy of carbonates; skeletal grains. vaporariorum ( Figures 2 b1 & 2 b2 ) measuring 0. Oct 1, 2022 · Species delimitation based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences from 194 specimens sampled from East Asia, Australia, Oceania, and the Americas suggested 14–22 species in the lingulids (9–17 species in Lingula and 4–5 species in Glottidia), in contrast to the 11–12 species currently recognized globally in the family. Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Pl 8, fig 1G; pl 15, figs 12,13: 1960 Lingula credneri Ustritsky p. Overview With very few living representatives, brachiopod classification has primarily come Apr 1, 2013 · The least common was flat-shaped in 14 (9 males and 5 females) on the right side and 18 (10 males and 8 females) on the left side. anatina and L. Lingularia species have a broader and a more convex shell than Linguh species. (a) Lingula Terebratulina 90 Morphology and mode of life of brachiopods. They burrow in the sand of their brackish intertidal habitat. In the Pacific, brachiopods occur along the W coast of the United States, Canada, and Alaska, and some similar forms occur off the Hawaiian Islands. 2014 Samanta et al. qcgv dncz bavv xuajhp emca bsk mdadsy bhe oitowa tpbm mszb wcwmp yemvg eix ysdbm